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In the 1950's and 1960's, South Africa's National Party developed apartheid into an increasingly repressive political philosophy. The African National Congress was forced underground. Part Two of Joe Richman and Sue Johnson's series "Mandela: An Audio History" recalls the political history of the period, culminating with the arrest, trial and conviction of Nelson Mandela.

Scientists have developed a new type of refrigeration system for Ben and Jerry's. It chills ice cream using sound waves, rather than with gases that may contribute to climate change. The "thermo-acoustic" chiller is a pricey prototype, but its creators hope the device can be produced for the commercial market. NPR's Robert Smith reports.

Shadid is Islamic affairs correspondent for The Washington Post. For more than a year now he has reported from Baghdad and has just returned to the United States. He just received the Pulitzer Prize for international reporting. Before working for the Post, Shadid was a correspondent at The Boston Globe's Washington bureau. He spent nine years with The Associated Press, five of them in Cairo. He is the author of Legacy of the Prophet: Despots, Democrats, and the New Politics of Islam. In the spring of 2002, he was shot by Israeli troops in Ramallah while covering a story for the Globe.

Many consider the 26-mile men's marathon to be the Summer Olympics' most grueling event. Olympic race walker Curt Clausen -- an athlete who must push through 50 kilometers in about four hours, without breaking into a run -- would disagree. NPR's Tom Goldman profiles Clausen.

Since World War II, about half the men in a small Mexican pueblo called Zoochila have moved to Los Angeles to find work. Those who stay home are grateful for the dollars sent back, but they don't see migration as a long-term solution to their poverty. Marianne McCune of member station WNYC has this report on Zoochila's attempt to use locally made mezcal to stop Zoochilans from going north.

Former Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev once loomed large over America, a symbol of the Cold War menace. Former CBS-TV anchorman Walter Cronkite recalls the rise and fall of the once-fearsome Kremlin leader. See photos from Khrushchev's historic 1959 visit to the United States.

Scientists in Japan prove that it is possible to get a live, fertile mouse by activating an egg containing only DNA from female mice. The process of getting an unfertilized egg to start dividing is called parthenogenesis. Although many non-mammalian species reproduce this way, the Japanese mouse is the first known incidence in mammals. NPR's Joe Palca reports.

The House of Representatives votes to double the reward offered for information leading to Osama bin Laden's capture. Lawmakers say they hope raising the bounty from $25 million to $50 million will renew interest in the reward. NPR's Mary Louise Kelly reports.

NPR's A Martinez talks to Elizabeth Nash of the Guttmacher Institute about state "trigger" bans on abortion, that may take effect if the Supreme Court erodes Roe v. Wade abortion rights protections.

The San Francisco Bay Area is in its fifth surge of the pandemic, surpassing last summer's Delta variant peak. But public health officials says this wave is different.